Anorexia and Bulemia Nervosa The New Epidemic - 919 Words

There is a new epidemic threatening the health and even the lives of many adolescents. The importance attached to the physical appearance in our culture influence millions of people to feel dissatisfied with their image. The media is in some way is responsible, by constantly showing images about what constitutes being an attractive and successful person, especially women. Society is allowing the Media to promote stereotyping of a â€Å"perfect woman† with the impossible dimensions such as the Barbie doll; a very thin and tall woman. These dolls impact on self-image and eating disorders, influencing many girls, adolescents and young adults in how they feed themselves. Besides, it is known advertisers employed only anorexic models to portray that a perfect physical appearance entails an achievement. There have been cases, where some modistes specify that their clothes designs are just for slim people. The two most common eating disorders are Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa is an eating and psychological disorder. This condition goes beyond weight control; the patient starts a diet to lose weight until it becomes a symbol of power and control. Thus, the individual comes to the brink of starvation in order to feel control over their own body. This obsession is similar to an addiction to any drug or substance. According to the Doctors Lemberg and Cohn (1999), eating disorders contribute to the increase of mortality rate; â€Å"Aggregate annual mortality rates associatedShow MoreRelatedPsychological Disorders1952 Words   |  8 Pagesthe condition worse or give you a whole new disorder?! Yes, I’m thankful for the scientists and researchers that paved the way for psychologists like me but it would’ve been a whole different ride back then. I spoke today in my interview about the different disorders I am knowledgeable in but was asked to elaborate more on Schizophrenia and two other case studies. I am going to provide as muc h information as I can on the eating disorder Anorexia Nervosa and on the drug abuse case of Alcoholism

Catcher in the Rye Holdens Insight About Life and the...

Catcher in the Rye: Holdens Insight About Life and The World Around Him The book Catcher in the Rye tells of Holden Caulfields insight about life and the world around him. Holden shares many of his opinions about people and leads the reader on a 5 day visit into his mind. Holden, throughout the book, made other people feel inferior to his own. I can relate to this because although I do not view people inferior to myself, I do judge others unequally. Holden and I both have similar judgements of people from the way they act and behave. We also share feelings about motivation as well as lack of it. After reading this book, I came to the conclusion that Holden and I are much more similar than I initially believed. Holden portrayed†¦show more content†¦He didnt like it when they showed off because it seemed so fake and unnatural every time they would do so. At the end of the first act we went out with all the other jerks for a cigarette. What a deal that was. You never saw so many phonies in all your life, everybody smoking their ears off and talking about the play so that everybody could hear how sharp they were. (pg. 126) I know many people like this as well. I do not like phonies either. I have many friends who talk using full vocabulary just to try to impress you, and others who make note of everything they see to show you how perceptible they are. People do this when they have a fear of their own individuality and feel that they need to ace different to get people to like them. Holden and I both dislike phonies. We do not like people who take on roles of others to seem more likeable because they are insecure. Throughout the book Holden displays a lack of motivation for many things in which he should do. Holden couldnt even call up an old girlfriend whom he knew a long time ago. But when I got inside this phone booth, I wasnt much in the mood any more to give old Jane a buzz. (Pg. 150) Holden also had a problem getting his motivation together in order tocomplete schoolwork and succeed in his prep school. I have similar problems with my motivation and find at times I must be in the mood to do something inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of A Catcher In the Ryes Holden Caulfield: Enemy of Himself1686 Words   |  7 PagesJerome David Salinger’s only novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is based on the life events shaping main character, Holden Caulfield, into the troubled teen that is telling the story in 1950. The theme of the story is one of emotional disconnection felt by the alienated teenagers of this time period. The quote, â€Å" I didn’t know anyone there that was splendid and clear thinking and all† (Salinger 4) sets the tone that Holden cannot find a connection with anyone around him and that he is on a lonely endeavorRead MoreProtecting The Innocence By F. D. Salinger1434 Words   |  6 PagesRigoberto Nunez S. Dusang English 3 AP 26 April 2015 Protecting the Innocence; An Overview of The Catcher in the Rye During the nineteen fifties, as the population of the United States hurdled in a whirlpool of amiss, a writer sought to conserve innocence as teenagers move into adulthood. The change from their teenage years to adulthood made them question religion, friendships, and fate. J. D. Salinger saw this as a potential pitfall for teens; therefore, he adopts a unique writing style to whichRead MoreArrogance in The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger Essay examples1767 Words   |  8 Pagesreally mean? According to merriam-webster.com (2014), the definition of arrogance is, â€Å"an insulting way of thinking or behaving that comes from believing you are better, smarter,or more important than other people† (Def. 1). In the novels The Catcher in the Rye and Siddhartha, the main characters both possess the trait of arrogance, but both express the trait in different forms. The root causes for both characters arrogance are very unrelated, but both roots lead to the same ending. Two com pletely

Encounters with peope of different cultures Free Essays

Encounters with people of different cultures in their own countries or communities 2 3 4 5 Coping with the customs of host countries or communities, e. g. rules and courtesies that local people observe and may expect me to observe. We will write a custom essay sample on Encounters with peope of different cultures or any similar topic only for you Order Now Encountering the different customs of people from other cultures, e. g. dress, spec al occasions, etc. Adapting to the rhythm of life in other cultures, e. g. getting used to different meal times etc. Integrating with the customs or behaviour of host countries, e. g. eginning to use forms of greeting that is very different from my own. Encounters with different cultures in the host university Clarifying areas of uncertainty about university arrangements, e. g. describing what I am used to and asking what happens in the other culture. Adapting to other administrative and academic practices, e. g. using unfamiliar procedures to complete a work task. Coping with different formal ties, e. g. learning new ways of showing respect to senior colleagues from other cultures. Relating to fellow students from other cultures, e. g. learning what they like to talk about during breaks. Being aware of issues to be avoided with a different cultural group, e. g. learning what opics seem to be avoided and what the group’s views are likely to be about a current political situation. Building bridges between colleagues ot my own culture and those ot a ditterent culture, e. g. sensing that someone of my culture has said the wrong thing and explaining the misunderstanding to both sides. Section 3 A continuing record of intercultural encounters In this section you can record many kinds of intercultural experiences and encounters that you feel have helped you develop your intercultural skills. In each record, describe what happened and how this enabled you to advance your nowledge and understanding of – or attitude to – intercultural ‘events’ ( interactions with people from other cultures, etc). Date: 31109/2012 As soon I arrived at the rented place, I found out that my flatmates were both Spanish and I feared that I would be left apart due to my level of Spanish,. However, to my surprised they were both very welcoming and even try their best to understand my poor Spanish and were willing to show me around and give me very helpful tips in relation, to transportation, nightlife and food consumption. Place: Pozuelo de Alarcon The suggestions made by flatmates were quite helpful, on the next day I went to rder my student travel card wish made really easier to travel around Madrid. Their travel system is very similar London travel system which actually work base on the zones you have to move around. However, the store was closed from 12 to 14 0’clock as well as every store around. Such thing was very strange to me and as my flatmates explained it is common thing in Spain for stores to be close at such time due to their weather conditions is too hot work there for thy take a break. It is at that point were a have notice that weather conditions have a huge effect on Spain Culture. Place: Groningen University The team work experience with the guys, gave me the opportunity to improve my communication skills, because we could express one’s need, wants and opinion without offending the sensitiveness of the other guys. In addition, I believe I strengthen my Teambuilding skills, as I was the person who motivated the others. The members recognised that, and I was the point of communication between the others. From this experience I realised how much I would like to work for the Human Resources, as I believe to be able to maintain group cooperation and support, and to keep a group updated how it is moving forward to the achievement of the goals. Date: 31/10/2012 On 31/10/12 1 had a presentation to be done together with 3 more students. It was me, a Spanish girl, a Romanian guy, and a Dutch guy. The Dutch guy most of the times we had meeting was quite rude with the other guys. He wanted the work to be done, and he was actually the first not to do it. The day of the presentation, I had a small argument with him. The presentation went well, we scored 7. 2. This guy, during the conversation with our coach said that he was the best and that the other guys, us, did not have the competencies to do the presentation. Place: At first, I got really upset and offended, as he should not dear to say these bad things to his team member. Secondly, I believe he should have told us in a private conversation, as all of us were really embarrassed, and we all thought that what he was saying was not actually true. Finally, I spoke with him and he apologised about what happened with the guys and l. I hope he understood that he should not criticise others, when he is the first person who makes mistakes. Date: 03/11/2012 In these days I was reflecting how the Dutch academic semester works so differently trom the English semester. Here, every semester is made trom two periods. In each period there are at least three modules to study, therefore exams, reports, group works and presentations to do. At my university, we only have four modules for semester, whilst here there are at least six for each semester. I could see how I improved time management planning and organizational skills. Place: Groningen My skills improved because the amount of work to do was higher than my expectations. In fact, I had to develop goals for my personal achievements, and identify tasks to be accomplished. In addition, I learnt how prioritise tasks and take esponsibilities for the decisions I made. Based on the above please prepare a SWOT analysis of the stage that you believe are at in terms of cross cultural competence; (i. e. strengths and weaknesses) and where you would like to get to by January. What are the opportunities for enhancing your competence and what are the threats which may thwart your endeavours if left untackled? Studying the first semester of the second year in ESIC located in Madrid, Spain enables me to break down barriers as well as communicate and interact with people from different cultures in ways beyond no lecture room or university hall can. How to cite Encounters with peope of different cultures, Papers

Epidemiology and Prospective Observational

Question: Discuss about the Epidemiology and Prospective Observational. Answer: Introduction: The study design used in this study is prospective observational study. In this design, the author observed the nurses feeding patterns with relation to the risk of getting the type 2 diabetes mellitus (McKeown et al., 2002). The researcher then collected the information for a period of ten years using a detailed questionnaire with no influence to them. The use of this design enables the observation of some rare exposures to health since a researcher is able to identify a subject who developed a disease at some point. It is also possible to calculate the incidence of a disease which has been exposed to the subjects. The crude incidence rate is the number of new cases of diabetes mellitus that occurred in one year per one hundred thousand nurses under investigation. Therefore the incidence is arrived at by counting the number of new cases, divides by the total population under study and multiplied by one hundred thousand. Incidence rates for total grain Percentiles Counts Population Crude rate 1 392 144,698 270.9 2 356 144,403 246.5 3 368 144,438 254.8 4 358 144,471 247.8 5 405 144,409 280.5 Incidence rates for whole grain Percentiles Counts Population Crude rate 1 426 144,914 2934.0 2 391 147,351 265.4 3 407 143,856 282.9 4 320 145,133 220.5 5 335 144,164 232.4 Incidence rates for refined grain Percentiles Counts Population Crude rate 1 349 144,742 241.1 2 369 144,817 254.8 3 337 144,095 233.9 4 378 144,252 262.0 5 446 144,512 308.6 These results indicate that the crude rates were not consistent with the quintiles of meal consumption. Unadjusted incidence rate Percentiles Counts Population Crude rate 1 349 144,742 0.0024 2 369 144,817 0.0025 3 337 144,095 0.0023 4 378 144,252 0.0026 5 446 144,512 0.0031 The relative ratio of diabetes mellitus reduces with increasing quintile of whole grain. This means that the higher the amount of consumed whole grain, the lower the likelihood of diabetes mellitus type 2 occurring (de Munter et al., 2007). The physical form of the whole grain as well as its high content of the fibers makes them to be digested slowly. Moreover, the low rate of whole grains absorption makes it to have low glycemic levels. The consumption of foods which have low levels of glycemia is linked to low glycosylates hemoglobin excretion. The finely ground fibers cannot produce glucose response to the postprandial blood. The adjustment of other factors were meant to determine whether there were other factors apart from the composition of meals that were linked to type 2 diabetes. Physical activity for instance is linked to a reduction of the blood glucose levels. This is because during exercises, the muscles use glucose in blood to derive energy. In case an individual is resistant to insulin, physical activities lower the resistance making cells to take up glucose effectively (He et al., 2010). Family history is also linked to diabetes as a result of inheritance of genes for diabetes type 2. Smoking causes damage to the blood vessels complicating the diabetes. The biasness in this diabetes type 2 studies among the nurses is the assumption that nurses are closer to the medical care and hence access to treatments. In some instances, the nurses offer services to the patients such that they do not remember that they too need medical services (Egger and Smith, 1998). Moreover, the nurses may have the fear of being stigmatized by their colleagues and escape treatment or diagnosis. The association of diabetes type 2 with other factors apart from the whole grain meal does not have a clear cut line. The study did not include males to determine the effect of gender differences to type 2 diabetes (Fung et al., 2002). Fat intake Control Study cases High 100 80 Moderate 270 270 Low 130 150 For the control and study groups, there was low number of skin cancer cases i.e. 100 and 80 respectively. On the other hand, for the control and study groups the low fat intake there were high number of skin cancer cases i.e. 130 and 150 respectively. However, moderate intake of fats resulted had similar number of skin cancers of 270. The low number of skin cancer in high fats intake is because the fats raise the prostaglandin E2 levels which function as T cell function immunoregulators and in turn lower the ultraviolet related skin cancers. Relative risk= the number of subject with a positive or bad outcome divided by the sum of the number of subject with bad and good outcomes in the case study. This figure obtained is then divided by the number of subjects with a positive or bad outcome divided by the sum of the number of subject with bad and good outcomes in the control group. 150/230 divided by 130/230 =0.65/0.57 Relative risk=1.14 This means that the people who take fats in low levels would be approximately 1.14 more times likely to develop skin cancer as compared to those who take high fat levels. Relative risk=1.3 This means that the people who take fats in moderate levels would be approximately 1.30 more times likely to develop skin cancer as compared to those who take high fat levels (Prochaska et al., 2005). The association between the parenchymal cells and low fats intake is that low fats intake increases the risk of skin cancer (Black et al., 1995). On the other hand, high fats intake leads to oxidative stress and increase in the number of cytokines responsible for inflammation while at the same time reducing the death of skin cells via apoptosis. The exposure to low fats leads to melanoma because the skin cells are not able to counter the effects of oxidative damage. In the long run the skin cells begin dividing uncontrollably leading to the cancer of the skin. There is no association between rare exposure and development of a disease. This is because there when there is a rare exposure, sixty people develop the disease while one hundred and eighty of them do not. On the other hand when there is no exposure, the same effect is observed as when there is a rare exposure. Relative risk in younger adults 30/30+90 divided by 40/40+80 = 0.76 Relative risk in older adults 40/120 divided by 30/120 =1.32 The relative risk of 0.76 observed in the younger adults means that the people who are exposed to a disease are about 0.76 times less likely to develop a disease as compared to those who have been exposed. The relative ratio of 1.32 in the older adults indicates that the older exposed adults are about 1.32 times more likely to develop a disease when they are exposed than those who are not exposed. Bias in cohort studies can occur especially in the process of making of a selection of the study subjects. This means that the selection method is based on the exposure as well as the outcomes of the exposure (Greenland, 1977). In some cases, it can be easy to view the relationship between exposure and selection of subjects. However, it is difficult for the researcher to determine how the awareness of an outcome can influence the outcomes of a study. For instance in a study to determine the effects of the emission of some chemicals like sulfur to the people for a period of seven years, there were beliefs that employees who worked in that factory were the most affected. However, there was no data to support this assumption. At the time of enrollment, the health records which existed by then were used while many of the old records had been misplaced or lost. Therefore there was a likelihood of either underestimation or overestimation of the association between exposure to sulfur and disease development. Occurs when the subjects selected for the control are not a true representative of the population hence cannot estimate the distribution of exposure. case Controls Exposed 5 8 unexposed 4 54 On the other hand, taking two hypothetical situations, the researchers chose similar controls which had a high probability of having the exposure as shown below. Case Controls Exposed 5 14 unexposed 4 48 The loss of some participants during a follow up represents data biasness in a study. This is because there is an introduction of a deviation in the observed values during follow up as compared to the observation if all the subjects were present. In some cases, the loss of participants by about five percent is acceptable but more losses are likely to cause alarm because they have a different prognosis as compared to those who make it to the follow up. In the end, the validity and accuracy of the study is not acceptable in this study. As a result of this, the researchers do their best to lower the number of loss of participants during follow ups. Such measures include maintaining regular contacts by making calls or sending emails, maintaining baseline information which enables them to track the subjects easily and using the participants who are easy to track. References Black, H.S., Thornby, J.I., Wolf, J.E., Goldberg, L.H., Herd, J.A., Rosen, T., Bruce, S., Tschen, J.A., Scott, L.W., Jaax, S. and Foreyt, J.P., 1995. Evidence that a lowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fat diet reduces the occurrence of nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ melanoma skin cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 62(2), pp.165-169. de Munter, J.S., Hu, F.B., Spiegelman, D., Franz, M. and van Dam, R.M., 2007. Whole grain, bran, and germ intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study and systematic review. PLoS Med, 4(8), p.e261. Egger, M. and Smith, G.D., 1998. Bias in location and selection of studies. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 316(7124), p.61. Fung, T.T., Hu, F.B., Pereira, M.A., Liu, S., Stampfer, M.J., Colditz, G.A. and Willett, W.C., 2002. Whole-grain intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in men. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 76(3), pp.535-540. Greenland, S., 1977. Response and follow-up bias in cohort studies. American journal of epidemiology, 106(3), pp.184-187. He, M., van Dam, R.M., Rimm, E., Hu, F.B. and Qi, L., 2010. Whole-grain, cereal fiber, bran, and germ intake and the risks of all-cause and cardiovascular diseasespecific mortality among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation, 121(20), pp.2162-2168. McKeown, N.M., Meigs, J.B., Liu, S., Wilson, P.W. and Jacques, P.F., 2002. Whole-grain intake is favorably associated with metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 76(2), pp.390-398. Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., Redding, C., Rossi, J.S., Goldstein, M., DePue, J., Greene, G.W., Rossi, S.R., Sun, X., Fava, J.L. and Laforge, R., 2005. Stage-based expert systems to guide a population of primary care patients to quit smoking, eat healthier, prevent skin cancer, and receive regular mammograms. Preventive medicine, 41(2), pp.406-416.